The Subculture Theory Of Delinquency - 2247 Words

A culture is the way of life of a particular group of people that is learned and shared. On the other hand subculture is described as the non-dominant group within a society, usually smaller groups as it is not the primary culture. A subculture is created based on an idea such as music, age, location, religion or even lifestyle. The subculture theory of delinquency explains the subculture that exists in society, which contains different value systems than the rest of society. The key element in the subculture theory of delinquency is to achieve an understanding of those who are seen as an outcast or delinquent. The theory of subculture delinquency was created by Albert Cohen in the 1950’s and the main study subject in this theory was boys. One of the main ideas of his was that violence and aggression, or delinquency in general, are ways for boys to earn respect and earn a title as â€Å"masculine†. The theory has evolved since then, girls are also subject to subculture delinquency, but in 1950 study was primarily focused on boys. This theory also explains the relationship between delinquency and lower class. Not only are these youths put at a disadvantage compared to their peers being in a lower class, but they are also at greater risk to be born into families where family role models have not obtained their own personal ambitions and educational goals. Students who are seen as more popular and who do better in school are more likely to do better all around, grades,Show MoreRelatedTheory of Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 PagesTheory of delinquency Deviant sub-cultural theories of crime focus on subcultures, i.e. groups within wider society with norms, lifestyles and values distinct from those of mainstream society. The focus in sub-cultural theories is on delinquency. In the UK, a preoccupation with the idea that future crime was determined by juvenile delinquency came about as a result of the 1895 UK Gladstone Committee, wherein research focused on gang culture among young males (aged 16-25). Deviance is perceivedRead MoreYouth Deviance Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesCritically examine the theory of deviance with reference to young people and their membership in deviant subcultures or gangs. Deviance is associated with young people today and is rapidly on the increase within the street and school environment. Young deviants are engaging in gang membership and subcultures with a means of social belonging, social interest and ethnic identity. There are several sociological and subcultural theories which deem to explain deviance. Some of the theories are functionalistRead MoreAlbert Cohens Meaning Of Delinquent Subcultures1463 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Cohen’s work on delinquent subcultures was influenced by Robert Merton and Edwin Sutherland as he was student of both. Cohen draws on Merton’s strain theory as an underlying theory to develop his understanding on delinquent subculture within inner city neighborhoods. Cohen’s text Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang (1955) was first of the subcultural theories of crime aimed at explaining the emergency of delinquent subculture and how one can get to the root of the issue. According toRead MoreCorre lations Between Abuse and Delinquency1162 Words   |  5 PagesAbuse and delinquency have been linked together for many years. There have been many studies done to determine whether victims of abuse have higher rates of delinquency, as compared to those who have not encountered abuse. It has been found that adolescents who were victims of sexual assault were three to five times more likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder, be abused again, be dependent on drugs and alcohol, or commit delinquent acts compared with adolescents who were not victimizedRead MoreThe Cultural Theory Of Crime And Violence1515 Words   |  7 PagesDefined, a subculture is a culture that exists within the main dominant culture of a society. Therefore, members of a subculture will have different norms and values to those in the rest of society, which in turn could lead to them being seen as deviant because of this. Youth subcultures provide members with an identity that sits outside of that assign ed by social foundations such as family, school, home and work. Participants of a subculture often make people aware of their membership by makingRead MoreSocial Disorganization Theory And Cultural Deviance Theory1325 Words   |  6 PagesAs criminologist continue research on the sociological theories as it relates to the social structure, social process and the impact of social life. There is still room to compare and contrast the social structure theories that include social disorganization theory, strain theories and cultural deviance theory. The social disorganization theory was first referenced with the displacement among immigrants. Scholars believed this was due to the immigrants inability to transfer norms and values fromRead MoreSubcultural Inequality Theory921 Words   |  4 PagesJewish Swiss who developed theories that represent extensions to the theories of strain, social disorganization, and differential association. He was also a student of Robert Merton and Edwin S outherland. Cohen argues that middle-class children experience strain and status frustration to which they respond to adopting one of three roles: college boy, corner boy, or delinquent boy. Cohen also developed the theory of subcultural delinquency. 2-Diffential Opportunity Theory: Developed by Richard ClowardRead MoreOutline and Evaluate Functionalist Explanation of Crime.1442 Words   |  6 PagesFunctionalism is a consensus structuralist theory, which sees the source of crime and deviance located in the structure of society. Although crime and deviance might be stigmatised in society, some sociologist think it is important to have it occur and there are some benefits to it. Durkheim (1982) argued that crime is an inevitable feature of social life, because individuals are composed to different influences and circumstances, and so not everyone can be equally committed to the shared valuesRead MoreDifference Between Integrated Theory And Holistic Theory1200 Words   |  5 PagesAn integrated theory merges concepts, but it does not attempt to explain all criminal behavior from different concepts or assumptions. The difference between integrated theory and holistic theory is it does not attempt to explain all criminal behavior, but a holistic (general) theory of crime attempts to explain all forms of criminal behavior through a single approach.There are four examples of a holistic (general) theory of crime John Braithwaite’s theory of crime shaming and reintegration, GottfredsonRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1493 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay the author will be drawing up on three different criminological theories and ho w they can explain crime and criminal behaviour differently. There is no universal definition of crime that gives a simple and straight forward definition. Crime is a constantly changing idea that changes due to the persons perceptions of what they would classify as ‘crime’ and what is regarded as criminal behaviour (crime and criminology). There is also no straightforward way of explaining what criminal

Transactional Analysis - Communication - 3356 Words

Transactional analysis Eric Berne s Transactional Analysis - early TA history and theory Transactional Analysis is one of the most accessible theories of modern psychology. Transactional Analysis was founded by Eric Berne, and the famous parent adult child theory is still being developed today. Transactional Analysis has wide applications in clinical, therapeutic, organizational and personal development, encompassing communications, management, personality, relationships and behaviour. Whether you re in business, a parent, a social worker or interested in personal development, Eric Berne s Transactional Analysis theories, and those of his followers, will enrich your dealings with people, and your understanding of yourself. This†¦show more content†¦Our parent is formed by external events and influences upon us as we grow through early childhood. We can change it, but this is easier said than done. Child Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the Child . This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data within each of us. When anger or despair dominates reason, the Child is in control. Like our Parent we can change it, but it is no easier. Adult Our Adult is our ability to think and determine action for ourselves, based on received data. The adult in us begins to form at around ten months old, and is the means by which we keep our Parent and Child under control. If we are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult. In other words: †¢ Parent is our Taught concept of life †¢ Adult is our Thought concept of life †¢ Child is our Felt concept of life When we communicate we are doing so from one of our own alter ego states, our Parent, Adult or Child. Our feelings at the time determine which one we use, and at any time something can trigger a shift from one state to another. When we respond, we are also doing this from one of the three states, and it is in the analysis of these stimuli and responses that the essence of Transactional Analysis lies. A wonderful analogy - the person who had feelings story - explains how experiences and conditioning in early life affect behaviour in later life.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Transactional Analysis982 Words   |  4 Pages Transactional Analysis, according to Eric Berne is a powerful tool for human well-being. Eric Berne deals with the psychology behind our transactions. Transactional Analysis determines which ego state is implemented by the people interacting. People are made with three basic ego states, which are the parent, adult and child. Some people have a controlling ego state and others are constantly changing. All parts are needed for a well-rounded personality. The child is linked with intuitionRead MoreTransactional Analysis1117 Words   |  5 Pages Transactional Analysis Theories of Counseling Gabriele Lauer-Ballard Baker College of Jackson May 27, 2013 Transactional Analysis Transactional Analysis is one of the most accessible theories of modern psychology. Transactional Analysis was founded by Eric Berne, and the famous parent adult child theory is still being developed today. Transactional Analysis has wide applications in clinical, therapeutic, organizational and personal development, encompassing communications, managementRead MoreTeam Leadership, Team Building and Transactional Analysis as Tools of Organisational Development and Change6396 Words   |  26 PagesChandaria School of Business Masters in Business Administration Course: Leadership and Management of Change Code: BUS 6030 Semester: Fall 2011 TOPIC: TEAM LEADERSHIP, TEAM BUILDING AND TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS AS TOOLS OF ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE Group Member Adera P. Musyula Dominica G. Nkonge Lecturer: Prof Ciru Getecha Table of Contents 1.0 ORGANISATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................... 3 1.1 Importance of OrganizationRead MoreEssay on Ta and Gestalt3196 Words   |  13 PagesIn this essay I will give an explanation of my understanding of Transactional Analysis, more commonly known as ‘TA’, and the Gestalt theory to counselling, as discussed in module one, year three of the Chrysalis Counselling course. I will then apply these approaches, and demonstrate the methodology to a previous client case study, discussing what I could have achieved. I will offer a brief outline of the case in question to allow for clear understanding of the presenting issue, and the possible outcomesRead MoreExplain the Key Features of Two Therapeutic Models (Cbt and Ta)1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdefining and solving problems (1996: pg 228) Transaction Analysis (also known by its abbreviation TA) is an integrative approach to the theory of psychology and psychotherapy. It is described as integrative because it has elements of psychoanalytic, humanist and cognitive approaches. TA was first developed by Canadian-born US psychiatrist, Eric Berne, starting in the late 1950s. TA is a social psychoanalysis and a method to improve communication. Berne wanted a theory which could be understood andRead Moreï‚ § Critically Evaluate Core Transactional Analysis (T.a) Concepts and Practice4276 Words   |  18 PagesAssignment: * Critically evaluate core Transactional Analysis (T.A) concepts and practice * Assess personal and professional learning from this module. The first part of this essay starts by outlining the key concepts of T.A.; its assumptions, theory of personality and ego-states, transactions, strokes, games and the Karpman Drama Triangle, life scripts and existential life positions. It then goes onto critically evaluate core T.A. concepts and practice from the perspective of HumanisticRead MoreTransactional Analysis1180 Words   |  5 PagesTransactional Analysis Dr. Eric Berne, the originator of Transactional Analysis, has explained transaction is a unit of social intercourse. According to him, if two or more people encounter each other†¦sooner or later one of them will speak, or give some other indication of acknowledging the presence of the others. This is called transactional stimulus. Another person will then say or do something which is in some way related to stimulus, and that is called transactional response. What is transactionalRead MoreRole Of Playing Through Transactional Analysis1950 Words   |  8 PagesRole Playing through Transactional Analysis Nidhee Meshram Assistant Professor Department of English LAD and Smt RP College for Women Nagpur- 10 email-cnidhee@yahoo.co.in Mobile No.- 9823915173 Abstract Role Play is an integral part of the Communication Skills syllabus in English. All the professional courses these days include Role Plays to motivate learners about verbal, nonverbal communication leading to professionalism. The conceptRead MoreThe Role Of Investigative Workshop On My Adjacent Sides Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagesfor ten minutes. This activity helped to recognize the skills that I need further improvement. Workshop 6: In this workshop, power issues between manager and employee were discussed. Transactional analysis is the process of understanding the interactions between individuals. There are three states in this analysis, parent ego state, adult ego state and child ego state. Parent state is very controlled since they are experienced and know the external events. Child state has the behavior of emotionRead MoreManaging and Responding to Behaviours in a Learning Environment3327 Words   |  14 Pagesdisruptive behaviour included the following: †¢ Arriving late †¢ Listening to iPoD †¢ Persistent talking †¢ Throwing objects †¢ Derogatory remarks †¢ Withdrawn attitude of a few The most disruptive of these, selected for analysis, was the derogatory behaviour of a specific group of learners who arrived late, kept talking loudly among themselves and when questioned became derogatory. They also displayed domineering characteristics. The fact that this was an afternoon session

P Evaluation Free Essays

Carry out a risk assessment In a health and social care setting using the Information you have planned with your class put together a risk assessment on the findings of the residential home. MM- Assess the hazards identified in the health or social care setting Del- Make recommendations in relation to identify hazards to minimize the risks to the service user group Type of Hazard Risk caused Probability of hazard Severity of hazard Risk Factor How can the risk be reduced/prevented? Water or any liquids of the floor. Service users and staff slipping and tripping on the water, resulting In Injury. We will write a custom essay sample on P Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 24 HIGH When there Is water or any liquids on the floor, stay by the spillage till another member of staff bring the warning wet floor sign. Once the sign has been put over the spillage, clean up the spillage to reduce the risk of someone slipping/tripping over. Fire Service users and staff suffering from getting Injured from burns, or Inhaling high dosages of smoke from the fire. 7 14 MEDIUM Ensure that all fire alarms are working correctly, so they are able to detect a fire quickly. Also ensure that all members of staff and service users known the fire safety procedures so they know the easiest and safest route out of the building to prevent themselves from getting injured. Also ensure that lifts are closed off and out of use, to prevent service users and staff from using them, and causing further Injury. Incorrect use of medication Service users taking either too much medication or not enough medication or not the erect medication that will result in further injury. 3 Ensure that all medication within the residential home is clearly labeled with the name of the medication, and what the medication is used for to cure. Also ensure that all members of staff within the residential home Is fully trained of what medicines should be used and what they should be used for. Electricity appliances glass to smash, as well as electrical appliances blowing up and setting on fire. 4 8 LOW Ensure that all electrical appliances are tested regularly, to ensure that none of the electrical appliances are broken or faulty which may result in a fire. Food Food can become contaminated which can result in germs being spread and resulting in staff members and service users becoming ill. 2 Ensure that all members of staff wear clean suitable clothing such as gloves, hair tied up and blue plasters on when they have cut themselves as well as washing their hands regularly to prevent germs from being spread and food contamination from occurring. How to cite P Evaluation, Papers

Catcher In The Rye Essay Prompts Example For Students

Catcher In The Rye Essay Prompts Holden Caulfields problem is that he cannot find anyone that he can relate to in life, which makes him alone and depressed. All of Holdens life he criticizes and sizes people up to his standards. This leaves him alone and by himself. He never can really admit his emotions to people and seems to only relate to those elite few who he knows and trusts. Holden describes these phony people in his life. Just about everyone he meets except a few seem to be phonies to him. As long as there is some fault in a person that makes them more open and exciting than Holden he insults them and puts them down in his mind:Her name was Lillian Simmons. My brother D.B. used to go around with her for a while How marvelous to see you! old Lillian Simmons said. Strictly a phony Holden, youre getting handsomer by the minute. (86, Salinger)People who just want to be nice to Holden are criticized by him and brushed off as not being serious. Maybe he is right, but maybe he just does not want to befriend someone who will leave him. Since Holdens brother Allie died he has had some trouble reaching out to people. He expresses this in the way that he only likes and is friends with his siblings. Also how he still talks to his brother even though he is dead and he knows it:Then I started doing some thing else. Every time Id get to the end of the block Id make believe I was talking to my brother Allie And when Id reach the other side of the street without disappearing, Id thank him. Then it would start all over again (198)Holdens illusion of his brother still with him, gives him the safety and reassurance that he is not alone, but he should not be getting this from his dead brother. Holden constantly finds himself disliking everything he does or sees, the only things he enjoys are things that stay the same and do not change on him. He feels that if things stay how they were then he can still feel connected and near people (Allie):The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move. You could go there a hundred thousand times, and that Eskimo would still just be finishing catching those two fish(121)Holden is alone in the world in his own mind, but he really is not. He has to open to people and learn to do that in a way where he does not judge their every move. When Holden realizes that by shutting out the world he creates the phonies that he always meets, then he can see his problem clearly and will be able to solve it.

The Gift of Speaking in Tongues

Eminem...His life and music essays

Eminem...His life and music essays Marshal Mathers, also known as Eminem, has been creating a stir in the music industry over the past few years. Many people feel affended and intimidated with him while he uses his freedom of speech and expresses himself. His rapping and hip hop lyrics are raw, explicic and very offending to many different types of people. There are many reasons for the type of music Eminem makes. There are many reasons why his music is the way it is. Eminem, A.K.A. Slim Shady, made Many people do not understand where Slim Shady comes from. As a child, he had no father, his mother was an alcoholic and a drug addict. Also Eminem moved back and forth from Kansas city to urban Detroit. While growing up, he was picked on and beaten by people all the time. He would get jumped and beat by his mother. All of these instances lead to the type of music he makes today. To add to all of this, his closest relative and best friend, comitted suicide when Slim was in his The song I selected is off of Eminems most recent album, The Marshal Mathers LP, and it is titled The Real Slim Shady. I chose this song for many reasons. This song mocks the mainstream artists and songs of the time. He makes a pop song which becomes mainstream, in order to show everyone how easy it is to make pop music. Also, his lyrics rhyme and make sense and i think it is amazing how his signing and music just flows perfectly. Eminem has explicic lyrics which help to press the issue at hand and show how strong his feelings are towards this. There is a very simple and defined rhythmic pattern to this song. If you listen to the first few bars without music you will definatly hear the beats. The song is in regular four beat format, also, parts of the song follows the twelve bar patter as well in some instances. The beat is constant throught the peice and rarely changes. They sometimes use a little stutter in order to let the lyrics flow. ...

For one more day by Mitch Albom Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

For one more day by Mitch Albom - Research Paper Example Most male children like to be associated with their fathers though they have difficult relationships with them. Charley always sided with his father. He always wanted his father’s approval though he was always hard on him. He made Charley believe that he was never good enough. This made him try hard with the intent of affirming his worth. This happened in his childhood and adulthood when he was at the Old Timers baseball team. Charley’s father in the novel represents the fathers who live their dreams through their children. It is true that parents like to achieve their targets through their children by forcing them to do what they do not like. Charlie’s father wanted him to realize his vision of playing baseball. He bullied his son though he was growing up. This is shown when the father ordered him to leave his mother’s birthday party for a baseball game. He told Charley that he should choose either his mother or him. The father told him that he could not choose both. Charley discovered later that his father was a hypocrite who led a double life. This is because his father has a second alcohol store, a second wife, and another child (Albom 17). Charley’s relationship with his mother in the novel shows that mothers support their children though they tend to make serious mistakes. His mother always made him realize that he should return to his life. Charlie discovered that his mother was considerate compared to his father. This was evident when Charlie told his mother that he made a wrong mistake when they visited the Italian wife. He told his mother that he loved and admired her. Charlie thought that he should have chosen his mother over his father. However, his mother opposed by indicating that it was not his culpable because he never had a chance to choose. She knew that his son was confused throughout his life because he failed

IFRS - Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IFRS - Exam - Assignment Example It is similar to the inventorys lower of cost or market concept in this model, impairment is debited as expense. iii) The revaluation model on the other hand requires that asset is taken at its raised amount which is its fair value at the time of revaluation and then subtract depreciation and impairment of the asset. For instance, if a revaluation results in rise in value of an asset, it should be credited to equity. iv) The identifiability of intangible assets concept requires an intangible asset be taken as a recognizable non-monetary asset that lacks physical substance and has the capacity to bring in economic benefits in the future. For instance, trademarks and copyrights. v) The control of intangible assets requires that the ownerships of intangible assets uses them to reap economic benefits in the future. For instance, copyrights protect original from adaptation without permission. Trademarks on the other hand represent brands which are legally protected. vi) Future economic benefits from intangible assets entails all the advantages accrued to a business due to intangible assets. For instance, copyrights prevent adaptation of original works and compositions to prevent others from benefitting illegally thereby bringing benefits in the

Italy profolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Italy profolio - Essay Example Undercapitalization too, of banks in Europe contributed to it as they faced liquidity and debt problems. This also slowed down the economic growth in this zone as it was unevenly distributed within member states. Meanwhile, the governments of states mostly severely affected by this crisis have tried to coordinate their actions. A committee by the name ‘The Troika’ who has constituting member organizations are; European Commission, Central Bank and International Monetary Fund takes care of this issue. Fiscal policy stimulates the slowing of the economy through the tax cuts while the spending the rises. Increase in spending does take place quickly while the tax cuts may take a long time to cause an impact on gross spending and output. In monetary policy, through Federal Reserve Act, The Federal Reserve System and Federal Market Committee should be in the forefront in promoting some excellent employment goals, long term and mode rest interest rates with stable prices. Through this principle, Federal Reserve can regulate the value of money and credit plus their price-interest rates thereby influencing employment, output and general level of prices. The legislature is composed of the lower house, which is the chamber of deputies and the upper house comprising of senate. Despite the houses being legally equal, the Chamber of Deputies has influence that is more political and most Italy’s vocal politicians do fall in this chamber. All house members are elected by popular votes for a term of 5years in office. The Senate has 315 seats while that of Chamber of Deputies has 630 seats and another 10 seats reserved for ‘life members’ who includes past presidents and honorary nominees’. A voter must be of 25years of age to cast his or her vote for Senate while in other elections, 18years is the minimum age to vote. To vie for Senatorial seat, one has to be of 40 years and above, and for the Chamber

Active Suspension Types Of Active Suspension

Active Suspension Types Of Active Suspension There are two main groups of active suspensions, the ones altering the suspension settings and the ones regarding the anti-roll systems. The altering suspension setting types are the self-levelling and the height adjustable suspensions. These types of suspension systems aim to maintain the vehicle as flat as possible. The self levelling suspension aims to counteract the difference in axle load between the front and the rear of the car due to loading of the vehicle, breaking or accelerating forces. The height adjustment suspensions cope with the problems of ground clearance and to some extent the stiffness of the suspension. Inside the anti-roll systems there is another classification between active and semi-active anti-roll suspension. Active anti-roll suspensions exert a force in the opposite direction of the rolling force to counteract the effect of the body roll, whereas the semi-active suspension opposes the body roll, usually by increasing the stiffness of the dampers. Regarding the method used to achieve the anti-roll effect the suspensions can be also classified as hydraulic (active), electromagnetic (active), solenoid valve (semi-active) and magneto rheological (semi-active) Michelin as a tyre manufacturer has developed its own suspension system. The system was exposed to the public for the first time in the Paris motorshow of 2008 and it is and a wheel onboard traction and suspension system as shown in the picture below. Figure Michelin Active Wheel Picture, Press Kit 2008 Paris Motor Show This suspension system is a combined traction and suspension electrical system. The Active wheel can incorporate only the suspension components or include an electric motor, and as Michelin claims it could be used in a four wheel drive or a two wheel drive layout depending on power demands. The main advantages of this system is that all the components necessary for the control of the suspension are assembled in the wheel, hence it would not interfere with package constrains or the geometry, and because of that, more cabin space can be fully utilized. Another of the advantages is that is a fully electrical system, so it can be utilized in hybrid cars as the drive of the wheels is done trough an electric motor installed on the wheels. This means that the use of this system could reduce the carbon emissions or fully eliminate them in an electric vehicle. On the other hand, the system is fairly new and needs to be proven in real life situations. Other problems are that the drive must be necessarily done through electric motors, hence not really suitable for the use of a conventional engine alone, and although the costs of the system have not been published, it can be assumed that it would be fairly higher than a conventional active suspension based on the cost of research, development and price of the components alone. Bose Boseà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s approach to a active suspension is another peculiar one, as it is a cross between an in-wheel device and a conventional suspension. The way the mechanism works is by replacing the conventional shock absorbers and spring dampers by a single linear electromagnetic motor at each wheel. These electromagnetic motors are computer controlled to provide a soft suspension, but at the same time are set to self level the vehicle. Also because the electromagnetic motors are computer controlled suspension can be set to counteract the body roll and pitch angle of the vehicle during cornering, braking or acceleration. Overall the system is not intrusive regarding the package constrains of the vehicle as it would be installed using the mounting points of a conventional coil-over spring damper. And in terms of weight, it would be similar to a conventional suspension. Another advantage is that the system would not require the extra weight added by using actuators and torque arms. The main disadvantages are that the system is not a straight replacement as it needs the software to be set up for each vehicle in question, and the potential needs for a bigger battery to cope with the electromagnetic motors demand, and the power usage of recharging the battery. MagneRide MagneRide is the commercial name of the Magneto Rheological suspension developed by Delphi, and lately sold to BWI (Beijing West Industries) group. The Magneto Rheological suspension is primarily a semi-active suspension that by altering the suspension properties of the fluid inside the dampers through electromagnets, changes the stiffness of the suspension. This system although being a semi-active suspension is able to perform almost as well as an active suspension. Unlike a semi-active suspension the control of the suspension stiffness can be changed none linearly to the input response, hence instead for example instead of opposing the body roll, it can be counteracted by further increase of the suspension stiffness. Some of the disadvantages are the added weight and cost of the components compared to a conventional suspension, and that it cannot perform under certain conditions as well as a fully active suspension. Originally this suspension was developed for General Motors, and used in the top end vehicles of the company such as Holden, Buick, Cadillac and Corvette models. Since the introduction of this suspension other companies have used this suspension in some of their performance range such as Audi, Ferrari and Acura. The off-road applications of the MageRide have seen use of this system on the Cadillac SRX and Acura MDX. This suspension system is currently being retrofitted to lightweight tanks and high mobility vehicles as well as in prototypes by the United States Army. Active Stabilizer Suspension System The Active Stabilizer Suspension System is a joint venture between Toyota and Aisin Seiki Co. to develop an innovative suspension for Lexus (Toyotaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s luxury range of vehicles). The system is a fully electrically controlled active suspension system. The way it works is similar to the one currently used by Jaguar-Land Rover, but instead of using a hydraulic system, is using brushless motors geared and connected to the stabilizer bars. Toyota claims that this system is twenty times more energy efficient than a standard servo actuated hydraulic active suspension and its reaction time is also quicker, being considered to be within 20 milliseconds (Suzuki et all, 2006). On the other hand the main disadvantages are the cost and development of the components. This system is being currently offered as an optional extra throughout most of the Lexus range, and also offered in the crossover SUV Lexus RX 450h Hydractive The Hydractive system is a Citroen developed hydro-pneumatic suspension, in which the conventional coil springs and shock absorbers have been replaced by hydro-pneumatic shock absorbers. This system has suffered several revisions, being the current one Hydractive 3 being introduced in 2001. Early versions of the hydro-pneumatic suspension featured a self-levelling and ride height adjustment. The later versions of the Hydractive also feature options such as automatically lowering the ride height above certain speed to reduce fuel consumption or electronically controls that avoid the suspension dropping after the engine is switched off. Also another package, such as the Hydractive Activa suspension, combined the previous advantages with an active suspension eliminating body roll whilst cornering. This suspension system is currently used by the PSA Peugeot Citroen group and at some point this suspension technology has been used by other manufactures and military vehicles. The main advantages of this system are that independently of the load and load distribution, the car will always remain levelled. The system has at the same time a smooth and firm ride. This is due to the dual characteristic of the suspension. Firstly the pneumatic suspension provides a smooth ride because is not as stiff as a conventional spring, but at the same time the hydraulic suspension is less compressible than a conventional spring, providing a solid support when hard breaking or cornering happens. Overall the suspension is more progressive than a conventional coil-over system, being softer under bumps and harder under cornering. On the other hand this suspension has several drawbacks such as being a more complicated and expensive system, which requires specialized maintenance. Another concerning problem is that a system failure will result on ride height loss and a performance drop in the brake and power steering systems. Air suspension Air suspension works in a similar way as the hydro-pneumatic. In the air suspension the conventional coil-over spring dampers are replaced by air bags that are inflated through a compressor to stiffen the suspension when needed. Air suspensions offer similar advantages to the hydro-pneumatic such as self-levelling or an improved ride quality. On the other hand the ride quality is not much greater than conventional coil-over suspensions, and the system suffers from a range of problems such as air bag, air line, compressor or dryer failures. Most of the top end manufacturers and tuning aftermarket companies have developed their own air suspension systems such as Ford (Ford and Lincoln), Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz (Mercedes-Benz and Maybach), Rolls-Royce, SsangYong, Subaru, Toyota (Lexus) and Volkswagen (Volkswagen and Audi) to name a few. PASM The PASM is the trade name for Porsche Active Suspension Management. The PASM is an active air suspension, which is an air suspension as mentioned above that features self levelling and ride height adjustment as well as roll and pitch control. This suspension is offered either as a standard or optional across the 911 and Cayenne ranges. EDC EDC (Electronic Damper Control) is the commercial name that BMW uses for its active suspension system. The ECD uses electronically controlled dampers to adjust the response of each of the wheels trough three different damper curve settings; soft, medium and hard. It is worth noting that there are other features that affect the suspension, but are not connected to the ECD such as the Cornering Brake Control or the Automatic Stability Control. ABC ABC (Active Body Control) is the trade name of Mercedes-Benz own active suspension. The system features roll, pitch and roll control achieved through servo actuated hydraulics. In this respect the system is similar to the current used in the Range Rover, but this system instead of using actuators, uses a modified suspension strut. The ABC suspension strut replaces the conventional dampers with electronically controlled plunger cylinder dampers whilst retaining the coil-over. The mechanism woks in a similar manner, the sensors and accelerometers evaluate the situation and the oil pump send the pressure required to operate the suspension, but instead of using a single valve block and two actuators, the ABC system uses a front and rear servo-valves that in turn sent the oil to each of the four plunger cylinder dampers. http://www.bose.com/learning/project_sound/bose_suspension.jsp http://www.bwigroup.com/static/suspension_magneride/ http://www.autoweb.com.au/cms/newsarticle.html?start=120showall=id=MERdoc=mer9905111 http://www.worldcarfans.com/10609056297/mercedes-cl-class-technology-active-body-control http://www.elecpubs.sae.org/NXT/gateway.dll?f=templatesfn=default.htm Society of Automotive Engineers (2006) à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“Development of Electric Active Stabilizer Suspension Systemà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. Paper no. 2006-01-1537. 2006 SAE World Congress Exhibition 3-6 April 2006, Detroit. Suzuki, S., Buma,S., Urababa, S., Nishihara, A., and Taneda, A Society of Automotive Engineers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Stabilizer_Suspension_System http://web.actwin.com/toaph/citroen/work/work.html http://www.porsche.com/kbase.aspx?pool=usatype=kbaseid=c2-detail-chassis-pasmlang=none http://www.porsche.com/kbase.aspx?pool=usatype=kbaseid=cayennecfl-detail-chassispasmlang=none http://www.bmw.com/com/en/insights/technology/technology_guide/articles/electronic_damper_control.html http://www.meeknet.co.uk/E38/EDC_III_Plus.pdf http://www.worldcarfans.com/10609056297/mercedes-cl-class-technology-active-body-control

P:overty :: essays research papers

Mark Sandford  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marsh 1 English 200 Mr.Whisnant Summary February 08, 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary of the Singer Solution to World Poverty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both stories proclaim that you should not spend your money on material or unnecessary things or wants, but to give them to children in foreign countries that we do not even know. The fact that Dora did not make enough money and that she could only make ends meet was a key factor to her agreeing to pick up a child and drop it off at a so-called wealthy foreigner’s house. In return she is given 1,000 dollars to spend at her leisure, only to be told that night that she gave the child to a children’s organ peddler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If Dora in fact did not at least try to get the child back or locate it, then in every moral situation she would be wrong. To say that her new T.V. is more important or worth more than the child would be correct. But the fact that we are so easily interested in making more money, we seem to let our morals just slip away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Bob’s case he has a chance to save a kids life and chooses not to in fear of losing his classic vintage car, along with the savings which he has not been able to insure. So in reality he would lose everything he owns, in which case he does not want to lose. This seems harsh, but the fact is that children die every day because they do not have enough money to feed and clothe themselves. Is it really up to us to support these total   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marsh 2 strangers that we have never, and will never meet even if we did send them money or food.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both of these people did something morally wrong, but Bob unlike Dora had a chance to save a life that he could have easily avoided by smashing his old car. Bob is like the people who have enough money, but are not willing to send to overseas children. Dora on the other hand let greed overcome her and put the child in the situation which led to the killing of the child. A lot of people would still think that Bob is worse between the two considering he chose his car over a little child’s life. In fact you also have to agree that if you do not send some of your money to overseas organizations then you are like Bob.